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Edmund Crouchback
Edmund Crouchback (16 January 1245 – 5 June 1296), a member of the House of Plantagenet, was the second surviving son of Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence. In his childhood he had a claim on the Kingdom of Sicily, but he never ruled there. In 1265 he was granted all the lands of Simon de Montfort and from 1267 he was titled Earl of Leicester. In that year he also began to rule Lancashire, but he did not take the title Earl of Lancaster until 1276. Between 1276 and 1284 he governed the counties of Champagne and Brie with his second wife, Blanche of Artois, in the name of her daughter Joan. His nickname, "Crouchback" (meaning "crossed-back"), refers to his participation in the Ninth Crusade.〔Simon Lloyd, "Edmund , first earl of Lancaster and first earl of Leicester (1245–1296)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, January 2008).〕
==Childhood==
Edmund was born in London. He was a younger brother of Edward I of England, Margaret of England, and Beatrice of England, and an older brother of Katherine of England.
In 1255 he was invested ruler of the Kingdom of Sicily and Apulia by the Bishop of Romania, on behalf of Pope Innocent IV. In return his father undertook to pay the papacy 135,541 marks and fight a war to dislodge Manfred of Sicily from the kingdom. Upon Innocent's death, Pope Alexander IV confirmed Edmund's grant of Sicily.〔(Baines, Edward and Harland, John. ''The History of the County Palatine and Duchy of Lancaster'', G. Routledge and Sons, 1868 )〕 Henry's barons refused to contribute to what they called the "Sicilian business" and ultimately Henry was only able to pay 60,000 marks. Stephen Runciman says the grant of the kingdom was revoked by Pope Alexander IV on 18 December 1258; Baines and Harland state that this occurred in 1263 under Pope Urban IV. Edmund renounced his claim to the crown of Sicily.
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